The availability of free health care to all citizens has been regarded as a great achievement of the Soviet society. In recent decades, however, decreased funding of the state-run health care system has led to a deterioration in the quality and quantity of available medical equipment and services. More than 50 percent of the Russian population is dissatisfied with the health care system and the attitudes and moral standards of their health care providers. This article discusses the degree, nature, and (...) some of the causes of the public's dissatisfaction and concludes with a preliminary look toward the future of the Russian health care system. (shrink)

The paper analyzes the development of medical ethics in the USSR, and its socio-psychological, scientific-technological, and organizational factors. Special attention is given to the interdependence of moral-ethical problems with organizational issues. Keywords: professional ethics, medical ethics, moral relations, perestroika , socialism, Marxism-Leninism, USSR, bioethics CiteULike Connotea Del.icio.us What's this?

The purpose of the study is to develop theoretical and organizational and methodological recommendations for improving state financial control. The article analyses the main performance indicators of the state financial control bodies, identifies the weaknesses of their activities, groups of problems and shortcomings of the current state financial control system. The scientific novelty consists in the development of a set of measures aimed at improving state financial control in the Russian Federation. As a result, the main directions for improving the (...) effectiveness of GfK bodies and the whole system were identified. (shrink)

À partir da coleta e organização de correspondências digitais cotidianas trocadas por nós: duas mulheres que nunca se encontraram ao vivo, mas que trabalham à distância juntas a mais de um ano, este ensaio visual especula uma desarticulação, num sentido cognitivo, da língua e da linguagem colonizante, partindo da escrita através de si como exercício de inscrição no mundo, como forma de insurreição e cura. São criados diálogos com escritos de Gloria Anzaldúa, Maria Lugones e outras, organizando imagens e poemas, (...) banhos e levantes, asé e escuridão. (shrink)

In the article is examined a problem of system and complex approach to management of modern education. The authors emphasize that development of education technology is accompanied by formation of informational, telecommunicational and communicative systems. The development of informationaltechnologies entails the formation of in principle new educational system. This system can ensure millions of people accordance to new educational services. The use of modern computer, telecommunicational and communicative technologies in education intends re-engineering of educational activities, considerablechanges in all its systems. (...) The effectiveness of education is based on the modern technologies. It often depends on quality of use of these technologies for solution of one or another educational task. Innovations in technical system influence the development of educational process. (shrink)

В статье определяется, что социолингвистическая коммуникация представляет собой взаимодействие субъектов, в основе которого лежат язык и текстовая деятельность. Существование и деятельность человека напрямую и непосредственно связаны с главной функцией языка –коммуникативной. Социолингвистическая реальность непосредственно связана с процессом коммуникации. Коммуникация занимает сегодня неотъемлемую часть нашей жизни и играет в ней немаловажную роль. В статье рассматривается социолингвистическая коммуникация каксоциальное явление, как основа взаимодействия субъектов образовательного пространства, как сложный процесс передачи информации при помощи определенных знаков и символов, соединяющий отдельные части социальных систем, а (...) также это механизм реализации власти. (shrink)

In the article is founded that sociolinguistic communication is an interaction of subjects in which basis are language and textual activity. Person`s existence and work are directly and absolutely connected with a main function of language – communicative. Sociolinguistic reality is directly connected with a process ofcommunication. Communication is today an essential part of our life and is very important. In the article sociolinguistic communication rates as a social phenomenon, as a basis of interaction of subjects of educational area, as (...) a complicated process of information transfer with help of certain signs and symbols connecting single parts of frames of society, also it`s a mechanism of power realization. (shrink)

Philosophy is an abstract theoretical discipline. However, a new trend that develops experimental methods in philosophical research has recently been gaining popularity extending to the fields of philosophical research that have not seen experimental methods earlier. This article addresses the question of whether it is possible to investigate philosophical questions with empirical methods. Two areas of research are considered – philosophy of language and semantics and epistemology. In these subfields of philosophy, the application of experimental methods has recently lead to (...) a noticeable progress. Empirical methods are justified in those disciplines in which arguments in favor of a particular theory are based on the study of our intuitions. Experiments only serve to obtain more objective representations of our intuitions, and philosophical argumentation is built further based on these intuitions. The authors argue that the use of experimental methods in semantics is compatible with anti-psychologism about meaning. The latter point is particularly controversial because linguistic intuitions or intuitions about the meaning have often been viewed as something that speakers have clear cognitive access to. However, when experimental research (even when it is a collection of controlled judgments) shows results that are different from what the field has been previously assuming, a revision is called for. The authors review several cases of such refutations calling for further revisions and argue that such experimental work helps arguments in philosophy of language and epistemology gain more sound ground with respect to the empirical data that they build on. In philosophy of language and theoretical linguistics, the cases explored in this article relate to the differences between languages with and without articles and to the predictions about the availability of certain interpretations of such expressions or lack thereof. It is further shown how a similar method of identifying the existent or non-existent interpretations was used in the studies of the meaning of “most”. In epistemology, the article discusses the results of some recent experimental work relating to the knowledge ascriptions. The speakers’ intuitions about the famous Barn-examples have recently been shown to diverge from what philosophers have claimed, building their far-reaching arguments on the data that was arguably incorrect. (shrink)

The authors identify several types of the new forms of protestmovement that are discusses within the problems of autonomy ofscientific system and the protection of the interests of scientists. They argue that the this type of communication shows how it is possible to combine both cognitive and normative attitude of science. The authors show the mechanisms of the reproduction of this communication and argue that it gradually turns into communicative macro system. The authors conclude that the protest movement in science (...) could be considered as a practical resolution of the Merton – Popper paradox, which presumes the incompatibility of both cognitive attitude (impartial observation) and normative dimension (value production) of science. (shrink)

The authors identify several types of the new forms of protestmovement that are discusses within the problems of autonomy ofscientific system and the protection of the interests of scientists. They argue that the this type of communication shows how it is possible to combine both cognitive and normative attitude of science. The authors show the mechanisms of the reproduction of this communication and argue that it gradually turns into communicative macro system. The authors conclude that the protest movement in science (...) could be considered as a practical resolution of the Merton – Popper paradox, which presumes the incompatibility of both cognitive attitude (impartial observation) and normative dimension (value production) of science. (shrink)

This research provides an analysis of the role of ‘natural consciousness’ and ‘absolute knowledge’ in the process of establishing the notion of philosophy in Hegel’s The Phenomenology of Spirit. The author seeks to show that ‘natural consciousness’ does not disappear in the first approaches to The Phenomenology, but rather, it continues to act as the subject of the ‘experience of consciousness’ until the end. The material analysis directly related to the evolution of ‘natural consciousness’ in the first stages of ‘experience’ (...) particularly supports the hypothesis about the philosopher’s work on the book. The results obtained can be seen as a validation of the idea that the usual notions of overcoming ‘natural consciousness’ already in the first ‘experiences of consciousness’ do not correspond to its fundamental role in establishing the notion of philosophy in The Phenomenology of Spirit. It represents not only the starting point of the phenomenological movement but it is also involved in the ‘reversals of consciousness’ at every stage of the ‘experience,’ which is important to take into account for the correct evaluation of the specificity of The Phenomenology of Spirit and the comprehension of the nature of philosophical knowledge as the main result of this Hegelian work. (shrink)

'This book is a masterpiece of theoretical thought. It anticipates the actual achievements of much of what we now call sociolinguistics.

Taking the regime established by the Convention on Biological Diversity as a foundation, the purpose of this article is twofold. First, it examines how the international biodiversity regime integrates the private property paradigm into its toolbox for conservation and sustainability and then critically evaluates the shortcomings of the intellectual property mechanism. Second, it argues that the increasing ubiquity of open access emerging technologies should lead the international community to carefully assess the benefits for conservation research of reverting to a framework (...) that places biodiversity within the global commons. The impasse between global commons advocates and the intellectual property status quo obscures the underlying problematic of the “commodity fiction” of biodiversity and increasing use of digital sequence information likely exacerbates power asymmetries. One remedy explored here is an alternative to these two approaches that dislodges rather than discards the concept of private property. Drawing inspiration from Polanyi and building on May (2010), the article shows how a hybrid approach bridging a public and private conception of genetic resources and traditional knowledge could more effectively and equitably distribute benefits to countries and communities providing resources of value to industry. (shrink)

Things and Their Place in Theories Our talk of external things, our very notion of things, is just a conceptual apparatus that helps us to foresee and ...

The devil, witchcraft and magic - the reverse side of Christianity.

Se realizó un estudio de intervencisn educativa, con el objetivo de determinar el nivel de conocimientos acerca del VIH/sida en estudiantes de la ESBU "Marcos Rammrez Rodrmguez" en el permodo comprendido desde el 1ro de marzo al 30 de mayo del 2010. Se estudiaron 150 adolescentes, escogidos de un universo de 347, a travis de un muestreo por conglomerado bietapico. Inicialmente se aplics una encuesta previamente sometida al mitodo de expertos (Delphi) y evaluada de muy adecuada, donde se determins que (...) el 82 % tenman conocimientos generales inadecuados Despuis de la intervencisn educativa -evaluada de muy adecuada por el mitodo de expertos- el 98,7 % de los adolescentes alcanzaron un nivel de conocimientos adecuados. El analisis estadmstico utilizando la prueba de McNemar, evidencis la asociacisn estadmsticamente significativa (p=0.0000) entre el nivel de conocimiento que tenman los estudiantes antes y despuis de la intervencisn, lo que demostrs que el modelo educativo-participativo empleado aumenta el nivel de conocimientos en los adolescentes. A study of educational intervention was carried out in order to determine the level of knowledge about HIV/AIDS in students of Marcos Rammrez Rodrmguez ESBU in the period from March 1th to May 30th 2010. 150 Teenagers, selected from a universe of 347, were studied through a conglomerate two sampling. Initially, a survey previously submitted to method of expert (Delphi) was applied and properly assessed. It was determined that 82 % had inadequate general knowledge. After the educational intervention - assessed fairly by the method of expert - 98, 7% of teenagers achieved an adequate level of knowledge. Statistical analysis using the McNemar test, showed a statistically significant association (p = 0.0000) between the level of knowledge that students had before and after the intervention, which demonstrated that the educational participative model used increases the level of knowledge among adolescents. (shrink)

L’article réunit les premiers résultats d’une enquête en cours sur l’histoire des femmes et du genre au Brésil. Il est basé sur des interviews réalisées auprès d’historien-ne-s ayant une production reconnue dans ce champ, et sur l’étude de leurs itinéraires. Les entretiens, d’abord oraux, se sont poursuivis par courrier électronique. Ces derniers échanges étant à mi-chemin entre le dialogue oral et l’échange épistolaire, duquel ils se différencient par leur rapidité et par leur caractère informel. Les onze historien-ne-s interrogé-e-s appartiennent à (...) trois générations : les pionnières (3), qui ont commencé leurs travaux et leurs enseignements pendant la décennie 1970 ; celles qui ont été formées par celles-ci ou par leurs contemporains (4), et les plus jeunes (4), qui témoignent de certains développements actuels de l’histoire des femmes et du genre au Brésil. (shrink)